The data of elemental analysis of the railway soil and atmospheric aerosols, correlations between elements and particle sizes, enrichment coefficients of aerosols and soil of railroad bed are presented. The results were obtained in two expeditions "TROICA" along Moscow-Khabarovsk-Moscow rout: in February-March 1998 and June-July 2000. The measurements were conducted along 8000 km long route in five natural-territorial complexes. The differences of elemental composition of the atmospheric aerosol in winter and summer periods are identified.